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The “energy trilemma” is a term often used to describe the challenge of supplying sustainable, secure, and affordable energy. The emphasis in recent years, especially in Europe, has been on the sustainable and affordable attributes. The EU’s Fit for 55 plan promises a 55% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, on the way to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Plummeting costs for renewable electricity have been making those goals a bit easier to achieve.

The European Union needs to be strategic in its engagement with the outside world in 2023. This is particularly true in relations with the United States, China and Russia. That strategic engagement will involve making hard choices — choices that too often hide behind the phrases that show up in European strategy documents, like principled pragmatism, effective multilateralism, cooperative regionalism and strategic autonomy. Europeans have a strong sense of shared values.

La Libia rimane politicamente e territorialmente divisa fra due governi rivali. I fronti militari sono calmi e la guerra civile non è imminente ma la situazione resta instabile. 

Today, Europe finds itself in the midst of a perfect storm. From its onset, the war in Ukraine laid bare the structural weaknesses of the European energy market, and although the conflict served to highlight these problems, they had long existed in the EU’s energy scenario. The energy trilemma revolves around three main pivots: energy price, energy security, and sustainability. The core priority around which European energy policy has been based over the last twenty years has been ensuring energy supplies, particularly gas, at as low a price as possible.